Acupuncture
Conditions for Which Acupuncture May Be Beneficial in Intensive Care Unit Patients
Massage Therapy
Laser Therapy
Music Therapy
Herbs
Aromatherapy
Homeopathy and Flower Essences
Conclusion
References
KEY POINTS
Diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome, hypoglycemia, insulinoma, hypoadrenocorticism, pheochromocytoma, thyrotoxicosis, and myxedema coma are all examples of life-threatening complications of endocrine disease.
Success in treatment of endocrine emergencies is contingent on early recognition and treatment.
Many endocrine diseases presenting emergently have nonspecific signs and symptoms. Endocrine crises are often precipitated by concurrent disease, further making early identification difficult.
Monitoring critically ill patients can be a daunting task even for experienced clinicians. Goal-directed therapy is a technique involving intensive monitoring and aggressive management of hemodynamics in patients with high risk of morbidity and mortality. The aim of goal-directed therapy is to ensure adequate tissue oxygenation and survival. This article reviews commonly used diagnostics in critical care medicine and what the information gathered signifies and discusses clinical decision making on the basis of diagnostic test results. One example is early goal-directed therapy for severe sepsis and septic shock. The components and application of goals in early goal-directed therapy are discussed.
Myocardial dysfunction is commonly encountered in humans, and presumably in dogs with sepsis and critical illness. This dysfunction contributes to increased mortality. With management of the underlying diseases and an understanding of the processes contributing to myocardial dysfunction, steps may be taken to mitigate the consequences of cardiac impairment. Clinical findings, proposed pathophysiologic mechanisms, and current treatment considerations are discussed. Further study is needed to find practical ways to identify myocardial dysfunction and to determine whether timed interventions intended to augment cardiac performance will reduce mortality in this patient population.
Multiple organ failure and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) were first recognized as undesirable complications of advancements in emergency and critical care. MODS remains the leading cause of death and resource expenditure in human intensive care units. MODS has been documented in small animal veterinary patients raising similar concerns. The understanding of the pathogenesis of MODS has evolved from uncontrolled infection to uncontrolled inflammation. Management is primarily through supportive care, early and aggressive monitoring of organ function, and intensive care nursing. Tissue hypoxia, microvascular thrombosis, increased vascular permeability, and disrupted cell-cell communication are prominent features of MODS.
Article Outline
Venomous Snakes of North America
Toxic Effects and Clinical Signs
Clinical Signs of Elapid Envenomation
Clinical Signs of Pit Viper Envenomation
Differential Diagnoses
Emergency Field Treatment / First Aid
Diagnostic Testing
In Hospital Treatment
Complications
Summary
References
Chapter Outline
Chapter Outline
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