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Chapter Outline

• Definitions
• Prevention of complications
• Perioperative complications
• Hemorrhage
• Root fracture
• Displacement of a root or root tip into the mandibular canal, nasal cavity or maxillary recess
• Soft tissue injuries
• Fracture of the alveolar process
• Fracture of an instrument in the tissues
• Fracture of the crown of an adjacent tooth
• Mandibular fracture
• Nerve damage
• Air embolism
• Postoperative complications
• Swelling
• Pain
• Infection
• Delayed healing or wound dehiscence
• Occlusal trauma
• Oronasal communication and fistula
• Alveolar margin recession
• Summary
• References

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Chapter Outline

• Principles and classification
• Principles
• Extraoral approaches
• Intraoral approaches
• Approach through a traumatic wound
• Anesthetic considerations⁴
• Surgical anatomy
• Regional anatomy
• Surgical approaches
• Approach to the incisive part and mandibular symphysis
• Ventral approach to the body of the mandible
• Ventral approach to the caudal part of the body and to the ramus of the mandible
• Lateral approach to the zygomatic arch
• Lateral approach to the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)⁴
• Extraoral approach to the maxillae, nasal bones and frontal sinuses⁷
• Intraoral approach to the maxilla^2,3,5
• Postoperative care and assessment
• References

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Chapter Outline 

• Classification and incidence
• Mandible
• Maxilla and incisive bone
• Concomitant injuries
• Diagnosis
• Clinical findings
• Diagnostic imaging
• Anesthetic considerations
• Surgical anatomy
• Topographical anatomy
• Biomechanical considerations
• Therapeutic decision-making
• Conservative management versus surgical treatment
• Surgical techniques
• Separation of the mandibular symphysis
• Cerclage wiring
• Transfixation pin
• Palatine fractures
• Cerclage wiring
• Transfixation pin
• Plate fixation
• Intraoral acrylic or composite splints
• Alveolar process fractures and (sub)luxation of mandibular and maxillary incisor teeth
• Cerclage wiring
• Intraoral acrylic or composite splints
• Alveolar process fractures and (sub)luxation of mandibular and maxillary canine teeth
• Cerclage wiring
• Intraoral acrylic or composite splints
• Labial reverse suture through buttons
• Postoperative care and assessment
• Complications
• Prognosis
• References

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Chapter Outline

• Definitions
• Preoperative concerns
• Surgical anatomy
• Special instruments and materials
• Therapeutic decision-making and techniques
• Muzzle coaptation
• Interdental wiring techniques
• Ivy loop wiring technique
• Stout loop wiring technique
• Risdon wiring technique
• Essig wiring technique
• Intraoral splints combined with interdental wiring techniques
• Application of intraoral acrylic and composite splints
• Intraoral splints combined with cerclage wires
• Intraoral splints for treatment of maxillary fractures
• Intraoral splints for salvage treatment of fractures of edentulous mandibles
• Maxillomandibular fixation – interdental bonding
• Postoperative care and assessment
• Postoperative care
• Appliance removal
• Complications
• References

Article Outline

• Dental Wear
• Staging Periodontal Disease
• Tooth Resorption
• AVDC Stages
• Treatment of TR
• Oral Tumors
• Procedure Considerations
• Treatment Considerations
• “Anesthesia-Free Dentistry” 

Chapter Outline

• Oral Anatomy
• Oral Examination
• Diagnostic Imaging
• Local and Regional Anesthesia
• Periodontal Disease
• Tooth Resorption
• Dentoalveolar Trauma
• Stomatitis
• Tooth Extraction
• Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex
• Feline Orofacial Pain Syndrome
• Palate Defects
• Orofacial Soft Tissue Injury
• Jaw Fractures
• Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
• Oral and Maxillofacial Tumors

Chapter overview

• Equipment
• Diagnostic Testing
• Rabbits
• Rodents
• Ferrets
• Hedgehogs and Sugar Gliders

More information on this Chapter

Oral disease is exceedingly common in small animal patients. In addition, there is a very wide variety of pathologies that are encountered within the oral cavity. These conditions often cause significant pain and/or localized and systemic infection; however, the majority of these conditions have little to no obvious clinical signs. Therefore, diagnosis is not typically made until late in the disease course. Knowledge of these diseases will better equip the practitioner to effectively treat them.

This article covers the more common forms of oral pathology in the dog and cat, excluding periodontal disease, which is covered in its own chapter. The various pathologies are presented in graphic form, and the etiology, clinical signs, recommended diagnostic tests, and treatment options are discussed. 

Pathologies that are covered include: persistent deciduous teeth, fractured teeth, intrinsically stained teeth, feline tooth resorption, caries, oral neoplasia, eosinophillic granuloma complex, lymphoplasmacytic gingivostomatitis, enamel hypoplasia, and “missing” teeth.

• Normal Anatomy and Development
• Nomenclature
• Normal Occlusion
• Congenital and Hereditary Problems

- Persisitent Deciduous Teeth
- Missing and Impacted Teeth
- Supernumerary, Fusion, and Germination Teeth
- Malocclusions
- Crowded and Rotated Teeth
- Cleft Lip / Palate
- Tight Lip Syndrome
- Craniomandibular Osteopathy

• Acquired Problems

Periodontal disease is one of the most common diseases observed by small animal practitioners, and it is the most prevalent type of oral disorder. It has been reported in domestic pets for at least 80 years and is considered a worldwide problem. Recent survey studies of dogs and cats living in several different areas of the world consistently report prevalence rates of periodontal disease of 60% to 80%.

Chapter Outline:

INCIDENCE AND DESCRIPTION

• Oral Malodor
• Gingivitis and Periodontal Disease
• Feline Odontoclastic Resorptive Lesions

ROLE OF DIET IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DENTAL DISEASE

• Type of Food: Dry versus Wet
• Opportunities for Chewing
• Dental Diets and Biscuit

1. FOOD TEXTURE AND KIBBLE SIZE / SHAPE
2. POLYPHOSPHATES
3. OTHER INGREDIENTS
4. VOHC SEAL OF ACCEPTANCE

DIET AND FELINE TOOTH RESORPTION (FORL)

PREVENTION OF DENTAL DISEASE AND HOME MAINTENANCE CARE

References