• The Orphan Kitten Orphaned kittens represent a highly vulnerable population requiring specialized attention and immediate care. Orphaned kittens encounter numerous challenges, including nutritional deficiencies, susceptibility to infectious diseases, and deficits in social...  more
  • Complications of Liver Disease Hepatobiliary disease in dogs and cats can lead to various complications. Vomiting is a common clinical sign in liver disease, and antiemetic therapy should be considered on a case-by-case basis. Ascites is managed by feeding a moderate sodium diet, thera...  more
  • Nutritional Management of Hepatobiliary Diseases in Dogs and Cats Dogs and cats with liver disease often benefit from nutritional modifications. The most important consideration for patients with severe disease is often providing sufficient energy intake to prevent a catabolic state. Additionally, targeted nutritional m...  more
  • Emerging Issues of Importance in Canine and Feline Hepatology We are excited to present a new issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice on canine and feline hepatology. Since the last hepatology issue in 2017, significant advances have been made in understanding the pathophysiology, diagnos...  more
  • Congenital Intrahepatic Disease The spectrum of congenital intrahepatic diseases described in canine and feline patients is broad, and the etiopathogenesis is complex. Developmental dysregulation of the intrahepatic biliary tree and vasculature leads to malformations of the ductal plate...  more
  • Biliary Tract Infections in Dogs Bacterial biliary tract infections are increasingly recognized in dogs and should be considered in any dog presenting with vomiting, anorexia, and jaundice, particularly if they have abdominal discomfort or pyrexia. Commonly recognized clinicopathologic f...  more
  • Aminoaciduric Canine Hypoaminoacidemic Hepatopathy Syndrome Aminoaciduric canine hypoaminoacidemic hepatopathy syndrome is a multifaceted clinical condition that remains insufficiently understood, with its pathophysiology not yet fully delineated. Current evidence suggests a link between hypoaminoacidemia and the ...  more
  • Domestic Cat Hepadnavirus, a Hepatitis B-like Virus Associated with Feline Liver Disease In 2018, a surprising finding was reported; cats are naturally infected with a virus related to hepatitis B virus (HBV), domestic cat hepadnavirus (DCH). HBV causes chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma in people, and HBV-like viruses cause simil...  more
  • Cytologic Evaluation of the Liver Liver fine needle aspiration (FNA) and bile cytology are valuable diagnostic tools for evaluating various hepatobiliary diseases in veterinary medicine. Although FNA of the liver is less invasive and faster than histopathology, it may not always provide a...  more
  • Granulomatous Hepatitis Granulomatous hepatitis (GH) is a subset of chronic hepatitis in which the predominant inflammatory infiltrate consists of macrophages. It can be associated with systemic granulomatous disease or confined to the liver. When associated with systemic diseas...  more
  • Current Practices and Considerations in Therapeutic Farriery for Equine Tendon and Ligament Injuries The overall objective of therapeutic farriery for equine tendon and ligament injuries is to provide a biomechanical environment conducive to healing by limiting excessive strain on the injured structure. With an understanding of equine limb anatomy and th...  more
  • Diagnosis and Strategies for the Treatment of Infectious Equine Tendon and Ligament Disorders Diagnostic and treatment strategies for infectious equine tendon and ligament disorders are continually evolving where recent progress is focused on advanced imaging and evidence supporting endoscopic lavage and regional antimicrobial therapy.
  • Current and Emerging Quantitative Imaging Modalities for Diagnosing and Monitoring Equine Tendon and Ligament Injuries Technological developments in imaging modalities have advanced the diagnostic capabilities for equine tendon and ligament injuries beyond the traditional methods. This review examines elastography techniques in ultrasonography that assess tissue stiffness...  more
  • Guidelines for Formulating Rehabilitation Strategies for Equine Tendon and Ligament Injuries Rehabilitation for tendon/ligament injury requires a multimodal approach to reduce pain, restore range of motion, improve proprioception/neuromotor control, and improve strength/endurance. Multiple tools are available to accomplish these goals. The rehabi...  more
  • Adjunct Therapies for Tendon/Ligament Healing High-power laser therapy and extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) can be safely used to treat tendon and ligament injuries in horses, and the potential beneficial effects have been described. The power of low level lasers is not sufficient for treatme...  more
  • Current and Emerging Biologic Therapies for Equine Tendon and Ligament Injuries This review explores the use of biologics in the treatment of tendon and ligament injuries in horses, focusing on current and emerging therapies aimed at enhancing tissue repair and regeneration. It discusses the role of scaffold-based therapies, growth f...  more
  • Cellular and Matrix Dynamics of the Equine Tendon Our understanding of tendon homeostasis and repair following injury has made great strides through basic science, clinical veterinary medicine, and preclinical translational research. We have now gleaned a greater understanding of the cellular and matrix ...  more
  • Suspensory Ligament Injuries The location of a suspensory ligament (SL) injury heavily influences the clinical presentation, prognosis, and treatment options. Diagnostic imaging is necessary to provide an accurate diagnosis and is critical to ensure the institution of the most approp...  more
  • Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Surgical Treatment for Enhancing Intrathecal/Intrasynovial Tendon Injuries Intrathecal and intrasynovial tendon and ligament injuries can result in extrusion of tendon/ligament fibers, granuloma, and adhesion formation that not only impairs healing of the original injury but can create new injuries that negatively affect adequat...  more
  • Techniques for Equine Tendon Tenorrhaphy Equine tendon lacerations are not uncommon secondary to traumatic wounds and degloving lacerations. These wounds are often contaminated and, therefore, basic principles of wound assessment and management are critical to identify the extent of an injury. A...  more