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Overview of calcium homeostasis
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Calcium distribution within the body
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Extracellular Calcium
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Intracellular Calcium
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Parathyroid hormone
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Structure
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Synthesis and secretion
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Set-Point for PTH Secretion
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Inhibition of PTH Synthesis and Secretion
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Clearance and metabolism of parathyroid hormone
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Actions of parathyroid hormone
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Parathyroid Hormone C-Terminal 7-84 as PTH Antagonist
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Parathyroid Hormone Receptor
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Parathyroid hormone-related protein: a polyhormone
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Parathyroid hormone-related protein in the fetus
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Vitamin D
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Vitamin D metabolism
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Synthesis
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Actions of Calcitriol
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The calcitriol receptor
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Effects of Calcitriol on the Intestine
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Effects of Calcitriol on Bone
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Effects of Calcitriol on the Kidneys
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Effects of Calcitriol on the Parathyroid Gland
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Calcitriol in cancer therapy?
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Calcitonin
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Normal homeostatic response to hypocalcemia
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Normal homeostatic response to hypercalcemia
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Diagnostics
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Total calcium
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Analytical Methods
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Normal Values
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Adjusted Total Calcium
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Ionized calcium
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Analytical Methods
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Sample Handling Techniques
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Normal Values
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Fractionation of Serum Calcium
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Parathyroid hormone
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Parathyroid hormone-related protein
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Vitamin D metabolites
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Bone biopsy and bone marrow aspiration
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Hypercalcemia
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Toxicity of hypercalcemia and clinical signs
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Renal Effects of Hypercalcemia
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Effects of Hypercalcemia on Other Organs
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Mechanisms and differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia
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General approach to diagnostic workup of patients with hypercalcemia
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Nonpathologic hypercalcemia
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Transient or Inconsequential Hypercalcemia
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Hypoadrenocorticism
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Chronic Renal Failure
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Pathologic or consequential hypercalcemia
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Cancer-Associated Hypercalcemia
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Primary Hyperparathyroidism
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Hypervitaminosis D
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Granulomatous Disease
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Idiopathic Hypercalcemia of Cats
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Uncommon Causes of Hypercalcemia
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Treatment of hypercalcemia
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Philosophy of Treatment
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Definitive Therapy
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Supportive Therapy
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Initial Considerations for Treatment
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Future Considerations
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Additional Specific Treatments for Hypervitaminosis D
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Hypocalcemia
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Introduction
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Consequences of hypocalcemia and clinical signs
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Approach to hypocalcemia
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Differential diagnosis and mechanisms of hypocalcemia
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Hypoalbuminemia
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Renal Failure
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Emergency and Critical Care
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Small Intestinal Diseases
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Alkali Administration
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Acute Reversal of Chronic Hypercalcemia
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Tumor Lysis Syndrome
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Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
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Secondary Hyperparathyroidism Associated with Hyperadrenocorticism
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Effects of drugs
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Hypoparathyroidism
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Miscellaneous Causes of Hypocalcemia
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Treatment of hypocalcemia
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Acute Management of Hypocalcemia Causing Tetany or Seizures
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Subacute Management of Hypocalcemia
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Subacute and Chronic Maintenance
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Clinical follow-up and potential complications
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References
