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• • • Structure and Function
    • Liver Structure
    • Biliary Tract Structure
    • Cells of the Liver
    • Hepatocytes
    • Cholangiocytes
    • Kupffer Cells
    • Stellate Cells
    • Pit Cells
    • Endothelial Cells
    • Smooth Muscle Cells
    • Stem Cells
    • Liver Function
    • Metabolism
    • Bile Secretion
    • Coagulation Factors
    • Detoxification
    • Immune Surveillance
    • Regeneration
    • History and Physical Examination
    • Clinical Importance
    • History of Dogs and Cats with Liver Disease
    • Predispositions
    • Pathogenesis of Common Symptoms of Primary Liver Diseases
    • Vomiting
    • Diarrhea
    • Hepatic Encephalopathy and Related Anesthesia Intolerance
    • Polyuria and Polydipsia
    • Dysuria
    • Acholic Feces
    • Abdominal Distention
    • Other Symptoms
    • Physical Examination and Signs of Liver Diseases
    • Icterus
    • Pale Mucous Membranes
    • Hepatomegaly
    • Splenomegaly and Ascites
    • Conclusion
    • Diagnostic Evaluation
    • Laboratory Testing of the Liver
    • Hepatic Enzymology
    • Markers of Protein Metabolism
    • Markers of Lipid Metabolism
    • Markers of Carbohydrate Metabolism
    • Other Tests of Liver Function
    • Urinalysis
    • Hematology
    • Other Diagnostic Tests for Hepatobiliary Disease
    • Patterns of Clinicopathologic Change Associated with Liver Disease
    • Diagnostic Imaging of the Liver
    • Abdominal Radiographs
    • Abdominal Ultrasound
    • Nuclear Scintigraphy
    • Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
    • Cytologic Evaluation of the Liver
    • Histopathologic Evaluation of the Liver
    • Biopsy Techniques
    • Indications
    • Prebiopsy Considerations
    • Fine-Needle Aspiration
    • Advantages and Disadvantages of Fine-Needle Aspiration
    • Summary of Fine-Needle Aspiration
    • Ultrasound-Guided Biopsy
    • Advantages and Disadvantages of Ultrasound-Guided Biopsy
    • Summary of Ultrasound-Guided Biopsy
    • Laparoscopic Biopsy
    • Advantages and Disadvantages of Laparoscopy
    • Summary of Laparoscopy
    • Surgical Biopsy
    • Parenchymal Disorders
    • Inflammation and Necrosis
    • Acute Hepatitis and Acute Hepatic Necrosis
    • Hepatic Abscesses
    • Granulomatous Hepatitis
    • Eosinophilic Hepatitis
    • Nonspecific Reactive Hepatitis
    • Canine Chronic Hepatitis
    • Chronic Hepatitis in Specific Breeds
    • Hepatic Cirrhosis and Fibrosis
    • Lobular Dissecting Hepatitis
    • Hepatic Infections
    • Canine Adenovirus 1
    • Canine Herpesvirus
    • Canine Acidophil Cell Hepatitis
    • Feline Infectious Peritonitis (Coronavirus)
    • Leptospirosis
    • Clostridium piliforme (Tyzzer Disease)
    • Sepsis and Endotoxemia
    • Hepatotoxicity
    • Drug and Toxin-Induced Liver Injury
    • Selected Hepatotoxic Drugs
    • Other Hepatotoxins
    • Vascular Disorders
    • Clinical Manifestations
    • Congenital Portosystemic Shunt
    • Portal Hypertension
    • Pathogenesis
    • Hepatic Blood Flow
    • Hepatic Encephalopathy
    • Polyuria and Polydipsia
    • Urolithiasis
    • Fever
    • Etiologies
    • Congenital Portosystemic Shunt
    • Portal Hypertension
    • Differential Diagnosis
    • Hyperammonemia
    • High Serum Bile Acid Concentrations
    • Ascites
    • Central Neurologic Signs
    • Diagnosis
    • Signalment
    • History
    • Physical Examination
    • Laboratory Examination
    • Diagnostic Imaging
    • Histopathology
    • Treatment
    • Emergency Treatment of Hepatic Encephalopathy
    • Conservative Maintenance Therapy for Hepatic Encephalopathy
    • Surgery of Congenital Portosystemic Shunts
    • Postoperative Complications of Shunt Occlusion
    • Portal Hypertensive Disorders
    • Prognosis
    • Congenital Portosystemic Shunts
    • Portal Hypertension
    • Neoplastic Disorders
    • Hepatobiliary Neoplasia
    • Etiology
    • Pathophysiology
    • Clinical Examination
    • Diagnosis
    • Treatment and Prognosis
    • Hepatic Nodular Hyperplasia
    • Etiology
    • Pathophysiology
    • Clinical Examination
    • Diagnosis
    • Treatment
    • Prognosis
    • Metabolic Disorders
    • Feline Hepatic Lipidosis
    • Etiology
    • Pathophysiology
    • Clinical Examination
    • Diagnosis
    • Treatment
    • Prognosis
    • Hyperthyroid Hepatopathy
    • Etiology
    • Pathophysiology
    • Clinical Examination
    • Diagnosis
    • Treatment
    • Prognosis
    • Diabetic Hepatopathy (Hepatocutaneous Syndrome, Superficial Necrolytic Dermatitis)
    • Etiology
    • Pathophysiology
    • Clinical Examination
    • Diagnosis
    • Treatment
    • Prognosis
    • Steroid Hepatopathy
    • Etiology
    • Pathophysiology
    • Clinical Examination
    • Diagnosis
    • Treatment
    • Prognosis
    • Miscellaneous Metabolic Hepatopathies
    • Lipoproteinemias
    • Amyloidosis
    • Lipoprotein Lipase Deficiency
    • Hypothyroid Hepatopathy
    • Intrahepatic Biliary Disorders
    • Cholangitis
    • Feline Cholangitis Complex
    • Chronic Cholangitis Associated with Liver Fluke Infestation
    • Canine Cholangitis
    • Congenital Disorders
    • Cystic Disease
    • Biliary Atresia
    • Intrahepatic Cholestasis
    • Neoplastic Disorders
    • Extrahepatic Biliary Disorders
    • Etiology
    • Pathophysiology
    • Extrahepatic Biliary Tract Obstruction
    • Inflammation and Necrosis
    • Exudation
    • Gallstones
    • Clinical Examination
    • Diagnosis
    • Treatment
    • Prognosis
    • Complications of Liver Disease
    • Portal Hypertension and Its Consequences
    • Gastrointestinal Ulceration
    • Ascites
    • Acquired Shunts
    • Hepatoencephalopathy
    • Consequences of Hepatocyte and Biliary Tract Injury
    • Functional Reserve
    • Coagulopathy
    • Regeneration
    • Fibrosis and the Wound-Healing Response
    • Structure and FunctionHistory and Physical ExaminationDiagnostic EvaluationBiopsy TechniquesParenchymal DisordersVascular DisordersNeoplastic DisordersMetabolic DisordersIntrahepatic Biliary DisordersExtrahepatic Biliary DisordersComplications of Liver Disease