Article Outline

THE NASAL CAVITY

• Normal Anatomy and Histologic Features
• Collection Techniques and Sample Preparation:  Nasal Swabs, Nasal Flush, Fine Needle Aspiration, Imprint and Brush Cytology
• Normal Cytology and Common Cytologic Changes:  Normal Nasal Cytology, Oropharyngeal Contamination, Hyperplasia / Dysplasia, Metaplasia
• Noninfectious Inflammatory Disease: Foreign Bodies, Allergic Rhinitis, Lymphoplasmacytic Rhinitis, Nasal Polyps, Chronic Sinusitis
• Infectious Causes:  Bacteria, Viral, Fungal, Parasitic, Protozoal, Algal
• Neoplasia of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses
• Epithelial Neoplasia, Neuroendocrine Carcinoma, Mesenchymal Neoplasia, Discrete Cell Neoplasia, Histiocytic Sarcoma, Miscellaneous Neoplasia
  
  

LARYNX

• Anatomic and Histologic Features
• Sample Collection
• Normal and Inflammatory Cytologic Features:  Normal, Inflammation, Granulomatous laryngitis, Reactive Lymphoid hyperplasia
• Laryngeal Neoplasia:  Lymphoma, Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Carcinoma, Laryngeal oncocytoma, Mesenchymal Neoplasia, Laryngeal Cysts and Mucoceles

TRACHEA, BRONCHI, AND LUNGS

• Normal Anatomy and Histology of the Airways and Lung
• Collection Techniques:  Transtracheal Wash, Bronchoalveolar Lavage, Bronchial Brushing, Transthoracic Fine-Needle Aspiration
• Normal Cytologic Features:  Normal Cytology of the Trachea and Bronchial Tree, Normal Cytology of the Lung, Oropharyngeal Contamination
• Inflammation of the Tracheobronchial Tract and Lungs:  Chronic Inflammation, Suppurative Inflammation, Macrophagic and Mixed Inflammation, Granulomatous Inflammation, Eosinophilic Inflammation
• Infectious Causes of Disease of the Tracheobronchial Tract and Lungs
• Bacterial Pneumonia, Viral Pneumonia, Protozoal Pneumonia, Fungal Pneumonia, Parasitic Infestations
• Tissue Injury:  Hemorrhage, Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis, Pulmonary Atelectasis or Collapse, Necrosis, Hyperplasia and Dysplasia of the Lung, Metaplasia of the Lung
• Neoplasia:  Carcinoma, Hemolymphatic Neoplasia, Mesenchymal Neoplasia
• Nonrespiratory Aspirate

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