Article Outline
Respiratory Problems
Dyspnea
Useful Tests
Coughing, Including Hemoptysis
Nasal Discharge, Sneezing, and Epistaxis
Nasal Radiography
Computed Tomography
Rhinoscopy
Nasal Lavage
Nasal Biopsy
Interpretation of Impression Cytology
Nasal Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy
Exploratory Rhinotomy
Serology/Antigen Detection For Nasal Fungal Disorders
Other Tests For Patients With Epistaxis
Laryngeal, Nasopharyngeal, And Pharyngeal Examination
Tracheal And Thoracic Radiography/Fluoroscopy
Transtracheal/Tracheal Aspiration
Bronchoalveolar Lavage
Tracheobronchoscopy
Fecal Examination
Baermann's Funnel Apparatus
Pulmonary Aspiration Biopsy
Serology/Antigen Tests For Pulmonary Diseases
Amino-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide (NT-probnp)
Cardiac Troponin I (cTnI)
Arterial Blood Gases
Partial Pressure of Oxygen
Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide
Diagnostic Evaluation of Blood Gases
Partial Pressure Of Oxygen In Venous Blood
Pulse Oximetry
Thoracocentesis
Thoracoscopy/Thoracotomy
References and Suggested Readings
