Article Outline

• Definitions
• Principles of pain management
• • Assessment of pain
  • Management of pain
  • • Reducing the input
    • Reducing the result of the input
    • Minimizing facilitation
    • Blocking perception
• Preoperative concerns
• Induction and maintenance of anesthesia
• • General anesthetics
  • • Venous access and intubation
  • Maintenance of anesthesia
  • Monitoring the patient
  • • Monitoring cardiovascular function
    • • Central venous pressure
    • Monitoring respiratory function
    • Temperature and renal function
  • Local anesthetics
  • • Pharmacology
    • Technique
    • Neuroanatomy
    • Technique for performing regional intraoral nerve blocks
    • • Middle mental nerve
      • Inferior alveolar nerve
      • Infraorbital nerve
      • Maxillary nerve
      • Major palatine foramen approach to the maxillary nerve
      • Local infiltration
• Postoperative care
• • Use of opioids for the maintenance of analgesia
  • • Oral administration
    • Transdermal administration
    • Local administration
  • Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
  • • Carprofen
    • Ketorolac
    • Ketoprofen
    • Etodolac
    • Meloxicam
    • Deracoxib
    • Firocoxib
    • Tepoxalin
  • Balanced analgesia
• References