Etiology

Few studies have examined the effect of dietary restriction in horses with equine metabolic syndrome (EMS). This study aimed to determine improvements in insulin sensitivity following dietary restriction for 6 weeks, and to determine if the improvement would be greater in horses receiving short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (sc-FOS). Dietary management involved feeding grass hay, restricted to 1.25% of body mass (BM) as daily dry matter intake and soaked in cold water prior to feeding, with the addition of a vitamin and mineral nutraceutical supplement with or without the addition of sc-FOS (10 g/100 kg).

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• Calcium
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• Phosphorus
• Requirements, absorption, and elimination
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  Table 1
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  Table 2
• Calcium and phosphorus homeostasis
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• Calcium disorders
• Hypocalcemic Disorders
• Hypocalcemic seizures
• Synchronous diaphragmatic flutter
• Ileus and retained placenta
• Hypoparathyroidism
• Hypocalcemia in critically ill horses and foals
• Exercise-induced hypocalcemia
• Equine cantharidiasis
• Oxalate toxicity
• Treatment of Hypocalcemia
• Hypercalcemic Disorders
• Primary hyperparathyroidism
• Secondary hyperparathyroidism
• Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
• Hypervitaminosis D
• Hypercalcemia of malignancy
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• Idiopathic systemic granulomatous disease
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• Calcinosis
• Neonatal hypercalcemia and asphyxia
• Treatment of Hypercalcemia
• Phosphate disorders
• Hyperphosphatemia
• Hypophosphatemia
• Treatment
• Summary
• References

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Materials and methods
• 2.1. Mares
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• 2.2. Statistical analysis
• 3. Results
• 3.1. Thermography and environmental conditions for pregnancy assessment
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  Table 1
• 3.2. Using thermography to detect thermal signatures in the nonpregnant versus pregnant mare before and after foaling
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• 4. Discussion
• Acknowledgments
• References

Article Outline

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• 2. Reproductive behaviour
• 3. Endocrine regulation of the oestrous cycle
• 3.1. Hypothalamic function
• 3.2. Pituitary function and gonadotrophin release
• 3.3. Follicular development, follicular hormone production and ovulation
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  Table 1
• 3.4. Luteal function
• 3.5. Luteolysis
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• 4. Oestrous cycle-induced changes of uterus, vagina and endometrium
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• 5. Regulation of seasonal reproductive activity
• 6. Manipulation of reproductive activity in the mare
• 7. Conclusion
• Conflict of interest statement
• References

Chapter Outline

• EARLY EVENTS OF PREGNANCY
• ENDOMETRIAL CUP FORMATION
• DEVELOPMENT OF SUPPLEMENTARY CORPORA LUTEA
• PROGESTIN PRODUCTION BY THE FETOPLACENTAL UNIT
• SUMMARY OF METHODS OF PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS
• • Behavioral Assessment
  • Serum/Milk Progesterone Assay
  • Vaginal Speculum Examination
  • Palpation of the Reproductive Tract per Rectum
  • • Detection of Early Pregnancy at 18 to 21 Days After Ovulation (Figure 7-1)
    • Detection of Pregnancy at 25 to 30 Days After Ovulation (Figure 7-7)
    • Detection of Pregnancy at 35 to 40 Days After Ovulation (Figure 7-8)
    • Detection of Pregnancy at 45 to 50 Days After Ovulation (Figure 7-9)
    • Detection of Pregnancy at 60 to 65 Days After Ovulation (Figure 7-10)
    • Detection of Pregnancy 100 to 120 Days After Ovulation (Figure 7-11)
    • Detection of Pregnancy at 150 to 210 Days After Ovulation
    • Detection of Pregnancy at 240 Days of Gestation to Term
• DETECTION OF PREGNANCY WITH ULTRASOUND EXAMINATION
• EQUINE CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN DETECTION
• ESTROGEN DETECTION IN BLOOD OR URINE
• BIBLIOGRAPHY

Peripartum mares and neonatal foals are physiologically unstable. Although hormonal changes around the parturition have been well studied in the field of endocrinology, hematological and biochemical changes have been studied little. The purpose of this study was to examine hematological and biochemical changes in peripartum mares and neonatal foals (n = 23; heavy draft horse).  This study revealed hematological and biochemical dynamics in peripartum mares and neonatal foals.

The concept of an equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) was first proposed in 2002. This concept has developed over time, and EMS was recently described in a consensus statement released by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine. In human medicine, metabolic syndrome (MetS) refers to a set of risk factors that predict the risk of cardiovascular disease, including obesity, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance (IR), dyslipidemia, microalbuminuria, and hypertension. EMS shares some of the features of MetS, including increased adiposity, hyperinsulinemia, IR, but differs in that laminitis is the primary disease of interest.

• Components of the syndrome
   
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• Breed predisposition
• Clinical presentation
• Laminitis
   
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• Complications of Hospitalization
• Obesity and Regional Adiposity
   
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• Preputial or Mammary Gland Swelling
  
  
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• Pathophysiology
• Predisposition
• Hyperinsulinemia
• Hepatic Insulin Resistance
• Peripheral Insulin Resistance
• Obesity
• Lipotoxicity
• Inflammation
• Adipokines
• Diagnosis
• Screening Tests
• Dynamic Tests
• Management
• Weight Reduction
• Pasture Access
• Medical treatment
• Levothyroxine Sodium
• Metformin Hydrochloride
• Other Antidiabetic Drugs
• Summary

Hyperlipidemia is the presence of elevated lipid concentrations in the blood and is associated with periods of negative energy balance and physiologic stress. In increased concentrations, circulating lipids typically occur in the triglyceride form, which may interfere with numerous normal physiologic functions, particularly by reducing insulin sensitivity. Although the hyperlipidemia risk is greatest in ponies, miniature horses, and donkeys, all equids are at risk if they are in a situation involving negative energy balance. The sedentary lifestyle of many modern horses and the frequent feeding of high-carbohydrate diets contribute substantially to the risk of excessive fat mobilization and the development of hyperlipidemias.

• Disorders of equine fat metabolism
   
  
   
• Normal energy metabolism in horses
• Disturbances of energy metabolism
• Diagnosis of hyperlipidemias
• Incidence of hyperlipidemias
• Prevention of hyperlipidemias
• Management of hyperlipidemias
• Correction of Negative Energy Balance
• Enteral Nutritional Support
• PN Support
• Short-term caloric supplementation
• Insulin Therapy
• Other treatments for hyperlipidemias
• Summary