Article Outline

• Introduction
• Sedation and analgesia
• • General principles
  • • Phenothiazines
    • Benzodiazepines
    • α₂-Agonist sedatives
    • • Xylazine
      • Medetomidine
      • Dexmedetomidine
      • Romifidine
    • Opioids
    • Tramadol
    • Maropitant
    • Sedative–opioid combinations
    • NSAIDs
    • Dipyrone (metamizole)
    • Antagonists
• General anaesthesia
• • Preparation for anaesthesia
  • • Concurrent drug therapy
    • • Antibiotics
      • Antipsychotic drugs
      • Barbiturates
      • Cardiovascular drugs
      • Corticosteroids
      • Insulin
    • Breed characteristics
    • • Brachycephalic breeds
      • Sighthounds
    • Age characteristics
    • • Paediatric anaesthesia
      • Senior and geriatric dogs
    • Physical examination
    • • Auscultation of the thorax
      • Overweight and obese dogs
      • Dogs weighing <5 kg
    • Diagnostic tests
    • Evaluation of the significance of disease
    • Food and water restrictions
    • • Gastro-oesophageal reflux
  • Premedication
  • • Anticholinergics
    • Sedative and analgesic premedication
    • • Transdermal fentanyl
  • Intravenous technique
  • • • Intraosseous injection
      • Vascular port
  • Endotracheal intubation
  • • Intubation via pharyngotomy
  • Intravenous agents
  • • Thiopental
    • Methohexital
    • Pentobarbital
    • Ketamine
    • Tiletamine–zolazepam
    • Propofol
    • • Propofol–thiopental
      • Propofol–ketamine (‘ketofol’)
      • Fospropofol
    • Etomidate
    • Alfaxalone
    • Sedative–opioid combinations
    • • (Dex)medetomidine and an opioid
      • Fentanyl and diazepam or midazolam
      • Oxymorphone and diazepam or midazolam
  • Induction of anaesthesia
  • Total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA)
  • • Propofol–fentanyl
• Inhalation anaesthesia
• • Inhalation agents
  • • • Isoflurane, sevoflurane, desflurane, halothane
      • Sevoflurane and CO₂ absorbent
      • Nitrous oxide (N₂O)
  • Systems of administration
  • • Induction using a facemask
  • Intraoperative supplements
  • • Opioids
    • Lidocaine
    • Ketamine
    • α₂-Agonist sedatives
    • Propofol
  • Neuromuscular blocking agents
  • • Agents used
    • Administration
    • Termination of neuromuscular block
    • Dose rates for NMBAs
  • Anaesthetic management
  • • Positioning
    • Monitoring
    • Fluid therapy
    • Cardiovascular support
    • Artificial ventilation
  • Postoperative management
  • • Oxygen supplementation
    • Analgesia
• Specific patient and procedure problems
• • Cardiac disease
  • • Mitral regurgitation
    • Cardiomyopathy
    • Ventricular dysrhythmias, myocardial ischaemia, myocardial contusions
    • Pacemakers
    • Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
  • Endoscopy
  • • Bronchoscopy, transtracheal wash (TTW), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)
    • Gastroscopy and colonoscopy
    • Laparoscopy
    • Laryngoscopy
    • Rhinoscopy
    • Urinary bladder
  • Exploratory laparotomy
  • • Gastric dilation-volvulus
    • Peritonitis
    • Biliary system
  • Hepatic disease
  • Neurological disease
  • • Dorsal hemilaminectomy and ventral cervical decompression
    • Myelography, computed tomography
    • Craniotomy
  • Ocular surgery
  • Orthopaedic surgery
  • Renal disease
  • Trauma
  • • Hit-by-car (HBC, RTA), high-rise syndrome (fell from a great height)
    • Big dog-little dog
• Local analgesia
• • • Auriculopalpebral nerve block
    • Brachial plexus block
    • Digital nerve blocks
    • Epidural and intrathecal block
    • • Technique
      • Confirmation of needle placement in the epidural space
      • Epidural catheter
      • Drugs used in the epidural space
      • Potential complications
    • Infiltration; Soaker catheters
    • • Soaker catheters
    • Intercostal nerve block
    • Interpleural block
    • Intra-articular analgesia
    • Intravenous regional analgesia (IVRA)
    • Mandibular and maxillary nerve blocks
    • Ocular nerve blocks
    • • Peribulbar and retrobulbar
      • Intracameral lidocaine
    • Paravertebral nerve block (brachial plexus)
    • Pelvic limb blocks
    • • Paralumbar plexus block
      • Femoral nerve block
      • Sciatic nerve block
      • Parasacral plexus block
    • Peroneal and tibial nerve blocks
    • RUMM blocks
    • Transdermal lidocaine patch
• References